Common Safety Orientation (CSO) Practice Test

What does non-ionizing radiation lack sufficient energy to cause?

1. Heating of materials

2. Biological reactions

3. Ionization of atoms or molecules

4. Illumination of spaces

The correct answer is: Ionization of atoms or molecules

Non-ionizing radiation does not possess enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules. Ionization refers to the process where an atom or molecule loses or gains electrons, resulting in the formation of charged particles (ions). Non-ionizing radiation, which includes forms such as radio waves, microwaves, and visible light, has lower energy compared to ionizing radiation (like X-rays and gamma rays) and therefore cannot break chemical bonds or disrupt atomic structure. This characteristic is crucial for understanding the safety aspects of exposure to various forms of radiation. While non-ionizing radiation can still cause thermal effects (like heating) and potentially lead to biological reactions (especially at high intensities), it lacks the capacity to alter atomic structures through ionization. This distinction is vital in fields ranging from health physics to occupational safety, as it informs guidelines and safety measures regarding radiation exposure.